Generate expressive voice messages using ElevenLabs v3 with audio tags.

Prerequisites

• ElevenLabs API Key (ELEVENLABS_API_KEY): Required. Get one at elevenlabs.io → Profile → API Keys. Configure in openclaw.json under messages.tts.elevenlabs.apiKey.
• ffmpeg: Required for audio format conversion (MP3 → Opus for WhatsApp compatibility). Must be installed and available on PATH.

Quick Start Examples

Storytelling (emotional journey):

[soft] It started like any other day... [pause] But something felt different. [nervous] My hands were shaking as I opened the envelope. [gasps] I got in! [excited] I actually got in! [laughs] [happy] This changes everything!

Horror/Suspense (building dread):

[whispers] The house has been empty for years... [pause] At least, that's what they told me. [nervous] But I keep hearing footsteps. [scared] They're getting closer. [gasps] [panicking] The door— it's opening by itself!

Conversation with reactions:

[curious] So what happened at the meeting? [pause] [surprised] Wait, they fired him?! [gasps] [sad] That's terrible... [sighs] He had a family. [thoughtful] I wonder what he'll do now.

Hebrew (romantic moment):

[soft] היא עמדה שם, מול השקיעה... [pause] הלב שלי פעם כל כך חזק. [nervous] לא ידעתי מה להגיד. [hesitates] אני... [breathes] [tender] את יודעת שאני אוהב אותך, נכון?

Spanish (celebration to reflection):

[excited] ¡Lo logramos! [laughs] [happy] No puedo creerlo... [pause] [thoughtful] Fueron tantos años de trabajo. [emotional] [soft] Gracias a todos los que creyeron en mí. [sighs] [content] Valió la pena cada momento.

Configuration (OpenClaw)

In openclaw.json, configure TTS under messages.tts:

{
  "messages": {
    "tts": {
      "provider": "elevenlabs",
      "elevenlabs": {
        "apiKey": "sk_your_api_key_here",
        "voiceId": "pNInz6obpgDQGcFmaJgB",
        "modelId": "eleven_v3",
        "languageCode": "en",
        "voiceSettings": {
          "stability": 0.5,
          "similarityBoost": 0.75,
          "style": 0,
          "useSpeakerBoost": true,
          "speed": 1
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Getting your API Key:

• Go to https://elevenlabs.io
• Sign up/login
• Click profile → API Keys
• Copy your key

Recommended Voices for v3

These premade voices are optimized for v3 and work well with audio tags:

Voice	ID	Gender	Accent	Best For
Adam	pNInz6obpgDQGcFmaJgB	Male	American	Deep narration, general use
Rachel	21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM	Female	American	Calm narration, conversational
Brian	nPczCjzI2devNBz1zQrb	Male	American	Deep narration, podcasts
Charlotte	XB0fDUnXU5powFXDhCwa	Female	English-Swedish	Expressive, video games
George	JBFqnCBsd6RMkjVDRZzb	Male	British	Raspy narration, storytelling

Finding more voices:

• Browse: https://elevenlabs.io/voice-library
• v3-optimized collection: https://elevenlabs.io/app/voice-library/collections/aF6JALq9R6tXwCczjhKH
• API: GET https://api.elevenlabs.io/v1/voices

Voice selection tips:

• Use IVC (Instant Voice Clone) or premade voices - PVC not optimized for v3 yet
• Match voice character to your use case (whispering voice won't shout well)
• For expressive IVCs, include varied emotional tones in training samples

Model Settings

• Model: eleven_v3 (alpha) - ONLY model supporting audio tags
• Languages: 70+ supported with full audio tag control

Stability Modes

Mode	Stability	Description
Creative	0.3-0.5	More emotional/expressive, may hallucinate
Natural	0.5-0.7	Balanced, closest to original voice
Robust	0.7-1.0	Highly stable, less responsive to tags

For audio tags, use Creative (0.5) or Natural. Higher stability reduces tag responsiveness.

Speed Control

Range: 0.7 (slow) to 1.2 (fast), default 1.0

Extreme values affect quality. For pacing, prefer audio tags like [rushed] or [drawn out].

Critical Rules

Length Limits

• Optimal: <800 characters per segment (best quality)
• Maximum: 10,000 characters (API hard limit)
• Quality degrades with longer text - voice becomes inconsistent

Audio Tags - Best Practices for Natural Sound

How many tags to use:

• 1-2 tags per sentence or phrase (not more!)
• Tags persist until the next tag - no need to repeat
• Overusing tags sounds unnatural and robotic

Where to place tags:

• At emotional transition points
• Before key dramatic moments
• When energy/pace changes

Context matters:

• Write text that matches the tag emotion
• Longer text with context = better interpretation
• Example: [nervous] I... I'm not sure about this. What if it doesn't work? works better than [nervous] Hello.

Combine tags for nuance:

• [nervously][whispers] = nervous whispering
• [excited][laughs] = excited laughter
• Keep combinations to 2 tags max

Regenerate for best results:

• v3 is non-deterministic - same text = different outputs
• Generate 3+ versions, pick the best
• Small text tweaks can improve results

Match tag to voice:

• Don't use [shouts] on a whispering voice
• Don't use [whispers] on a loud/energetic voice
• Test tags with your chosen voice

SSML Not Supported

v3 does NOT support SSML break tags. Use audio tags and punctuation instead.

Punctuation Effects (use with tags!)

Punctuation enhances audio tags:

• Ellipses (...) → dramatic pauses: [nervous] I... I don't know...
• CAPS → emphasis: [excited] That's AMAZING!
• Dashes (—) → interruptions: [explaining] So what you do is— [interrupting] Wait!
• Question marks → uncertainty: [nervous] Are you sure about this?
• Exclamation! → energy boost: [happy] We did it!

Combine tags + punctuation for maximum effect:

[tired] It was a long day... [sighs] Nobody listens anymore.

WhatsApp Voice Messages

Complete Workflow

• Generate with tts tool (returns Opus in /tmp/openclaw/tts-/)
• Copy to workspace (message tool only allows workspace paths)
• Send with message tool
• Cleanup - delete the workspace copy

Step-by-Step

1. Generate TTS (add [pause] at end to prevent cutoff):

tts text="[excited] This is amazing! [pause]" channel=whatsapp

2. Find the LATEST file (⚠️ CRITICAL - always use the newest file!):

find /tmp/openclaw/tts- /tmp/tts- -name ".opus" -o -name ".mp3" -o -name ".ogg" 2>/dev/null | xargs ls -t | head -1

The tts tool now outputs to /tmp/openclaw/tts-/ (NOT /tmp/tts-/). Old files may exist in /tmp/tts-*/ from previous sessions - never use those!

3. If file is MP3, convert to Opus:

ffmpeg -i /path/to/voice.mp3 -c:a libopus -b:a 64k -vbr on -application voip /path/to/voice.ogg

If already .opus, skip this step.

4. Copy to workspace and send:

cp /tmp/openclaw/tts-xxx/voice.opus ~/. openclaw/workspace/voice-temp.ogg

message action=send channel=whatsapp target="+972..." filePath="/root/.openclaw/workspace/voice-temp.ogg" asVoice=true message=" "

5. Cleanup:

rm /root/.openclaw/workspace/voice-temp.ogg

WhatsApp requires a non-empty message body to send voice notes. Use a single space as the message.

Why Opus?

Format	iOS	Android	Transcribe
MP3	✅ Works	❌ May fail	❌ No
Opus (.ogg)	✅ Works	✅ Works	✅ Yes

Always convert to Opus - it's the only format that:

• Works on all devices (iOS + Android)
• Supports WhatsApp's transcribe button

Audio Cutoff Fix

ElevenLabs sometimes cuts off the last word. Always add [pause] or ... at the end:

[excited] This is amazing! [pause]

Long-Form Audio (Podcasts)

For content >800 chars:

• Split into short segments (<800 chars each)
• Generate each with tts tool
• Concatenate with ffmpeg:

   cat > list.txt << EOF
   file '/path/file1.mp3'
   file '/path/file2.mp3'
   EOF
   ffmpeg -f concat -safe 0 -i list.txt -c copy final.mp3
   

• Convert to Opus for WhatsApp
• Send as single voice message

Important: Don't mention "part 2" or "chapter" - keep it seamless.

Multi-Speaker Dialogue

v3 can handle multiple characters in one generation:

Jessica: [whispers] Did you hear that?
Chris: [interrupting] —I heard it too!
Jessica: [panicking] We need to hide!

Dialogue tags: [interrupting], [overlapping], [cuts in], [interjecting]

Audio Tags Quick Reference

Category	Tags	When to Use
Emotions	[excited], [happy], [sad], [angry], [nervous], [curious]	Main emotional state - use 1 per section
Delivery	[whispers], [shouts], [soft], [rushed], [drawn out]	Volume/speed changes
Reactions	[laughs], [sighs], [gasps], [clears throat], [gulps]	Natural human moments - sprinkle sparingly
Pacing	[pause], [hesitates], [stammers], [breathes]	Dramatic timing
Character	[French accent], [British accent], [robotic tone]	Character voice shifts
Dialogue	[interrupting], [overlapping], [cuts in]	Multi-speaker conversations

Most effective tags (reliable results):

• Emotions: [excited], [nervous], [sad], [happy]
• Reactions: [laughs], [sighs], [whispers]
• Pacing: [pause]

Less reliable (test and regenerate):

• Sound effects: [explosion], [gunshot]
• Accents: results vary by voice

Full tag list: See references/audio-tags.md

Troubleshooting

Tags read aloud?

• Verify using eleven_v3 model
• Use IVC/premade voices, not PVC
• Simplify tags (no "tone" suffix)
• Increase text length (250+ chars)

Voice inconsistent?

• Segment is too long - split at <800 chars
• Regenerate (v3 is non-deterministic)
• Try lower stability setting

WhatsApp won't play?

• Convert to Opus format (see above)

No emotion despite tags?

• Voice may not match tag style
• Try Creative stability mode (0.5)
• Add more context around the tag