Essential Git commands for version control and collaboration.

Initial Setup

# Configure user
git config --global user.name "Your Name"
git config --global user.email "your@email.com"
# Initialize repository
git init
# Clone repository
git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git
git clone https://github.com/user/repo.git custom-name

Basic Workflow

Staging and committing

# Check status
git status
# Add files to staging
git add file.txt
git add .
git add -A  # All changes including deletions
# Commit changes
git commit -m "Commit message"
# Add and commit in one step
git commit -am "Message"
# Amend last commit
git commit --amend -m "New message"
git commit --amend --no-edit  # Keep message

Viewing changes

# Show unstaged changes
git diff
# Show staged changes
git diff --staged
# Show changes in specific file
git diff file.txt
# Show changes between commits
git diff commit1 commit2

Branching & Merging

Branch management

# List branches
git branch
git branch -a  # Include remote branches
# Create branch
git branch feature-name
# Switch branch
git checkout feature-name
git switch feature-name  # Modern alternative
# Create and switch
git checkout -b feature-name
git switch -c feature-name
# Delete branch
git branch -d branch-name
git branch -D branch-name  # Force delete
# Rename branch
git branch -m old-name new-name

Merging

# Merge branch into current
git merge feature-name
# Merge with no fast-forward
git merge --no-ff feature-name
# Abort merge
git merge --abort
# Show merge conflicts
git diff --name-only --diff-filter=U

Remote Operations

Managing remotes

# List remotes
git remote -v
# Add remote
git remote add origin https://github.com/user/repo.git
# Change remote URL
git remote set-url origin https://github.com/user/new-repo.git
# Remove remote
git remote remove origin

Syncing with remote

# Fetch from remote
git fetch origin
# Pull changes (fetch + merge)
git pull
# Pull with rebase
git pull --rebase
# Push changes
git push
# Push new branch
git push -u origin branch-name
# Force push (careful!)
git push --force-with-lease

History & Logs

Viewing history

# Show commit history
git log
# One line per commit
git log --oneline
# With graph
git log --graph --oneline --all
# Last N commits
git log -5
# Commits by author
git log --author="Name"
# Commits in date range
git log --since="2 weeks ago"
git log --until="2024-01-01"
# File history
git log -- file.txt

Searching history

# Search commit messages
git log --grep="bug fix"
# Search code changes
git log -S "function_name"
# Show who changed each line
git blame file.txt
# Find commit that introduced bug
git bisect start
git bisect bad
git bisect good commit-hash

Undoing Changes

Working directory

# Discard changes in file
git restore file.txt
git checkout -- file.txt  # Old way
# Discard all changes
git restore .

Staging area

# Unstage file
git restore --staged file.txt
git reset HEAD file.txt  # Old way
# Unstage all
git reset

Commits

# Undo last commit (keep changes)
git reset --soft HEAD~1
# Undo last commit (discard changes)
git reset --hard HEAD~1
# Revert commit (create new commit)
git revert commit-hash
# Reset to specific commit
git reset --hard commit-hash

Stashing

# Stash changes
git stash
# Stash with message
git stash save "Work in progress"
# List stashes
git stash list
# Apply latest stash
git stash apply
# Apply and remove stash
git stash pop
# Apply specific stash
git stash apply stash@{2}
# Delete stash
git stash drop stash@{0}
# Clear all stashes
git stash clear

Rebasing

# Rebase current branch
git rebase main
# Interactive rebase (last 3 commits)
git rebase -i HEAD~3
# Continue after resolving conflicts
git rebase --continue
# Skip current commit
git rebase --skip
# Abort rebase
git rebase --abort

Tags

# List tags
git tag
# Create lightweight tag
git tag v1.0.0
# Create annotated tag
git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Version 1.0.0"
# Tag specific commit
git tag v1.0.0 commit-hash
# Push tag
git push origin v1.0.0
# Push all tags
git push --tags
# Delete tag
git tag -d v1.0.0
git push origin --delete v1.0.0

Advanced Operations

Cherry-pick

# Apply specific commit
git cherry-pick commit-hash
# Cherry-pick without committing
git cherry-pick -n commit-hash

Submodules

# Add submodule
git submodule add https://github.com/user/repo.git path/
# Initialize submodules
git submodule init
# Update submodules
git submodule update
# Clone with submodules
git clone --recursive https://github.com/user/repo.git

Clean

# Preview files to be deleted
git clean -n
# Delete untracked files
git clean -f
# Delete untracked files and directories
git clean -fd
# Include ignored files
git clean -fdx

Common Workflows

Feature branch workflow:

git checkout -b feature/new-feature
# Make changes
git add .
git commit -m "Add new feature"
git push -u origin feature/new-feature
# Create PR, then after merge:
git checkout main
git pull
git branch -d feature/new-feature

Hotfix workflow:

git checkout main
git pull
git checkout -b hotfix/critical-bug
# Fix bug
git commit -am "Fix critical bug"
git push -u origin hotfix/critical-bug
# After merge:
git checkout main && git pull

Syncing fork:

git remote add upstream https://github.com/original/repo.git
git fetch upstream
git checkout main
git merge upstream/main
git push origin main

Useful Aliases

Add to ~/.gitconfig:

[alias]
    st = status
    co = checkout
    br = branch
    ci = commit
    unstage = reset HEAD --
    last = log -1 HEAD
    visual = log --graph --oneline --all
    amend = commit --amend --no-edit

Tips

• Commit often, perfect later (interactive rebase)
• Write meaningful commit messages
• Use .gitignore for files to exclude
• Never force push to shared branches
• Pull before starting work
• Use feature branches, not main
• Rebase feature branches before merging
• Use --force-with-lease instead of --force

Common Issues

Undo accidental commit:

git reset --soft HEAD~1

Recover deleted branch:

git reflog
git checkout -b branch-name 

Fix wrong commit message:

git commit --amend -m "Correct message"

Resolve merge conflicts:

# Edit files to resolve conflicts
git add resolved-files
git commit  # Or git merge --continue

Documentation

Official docs: https://git-scm.com/doc Pro Git book: https://git-scm.com/book Visual Git guide: https://marklodato.github.io/visual-git-guide/